Jazz and Classical Music - 1760 Words

Jazz and Classical Music Upon entering a modern record store, one is confronted with a wide variety of choices in recorded music. These choices not only include a multitude of artists, but also a wide diversity of music categories. These categories run the gamut from easy listening dance music to more complex art music. On the complex side of the scale are the categories known as Jazz and Classical music. Some of the most accomplished musicians of our time have devoted themselves to a life-long study of Jazz or Classical music, and a few exceptional musicians have actually mastered both. A comparison of classical and Jazz music will yield some interesting results and could also lead to an appreciation of the abilities needed to perform†¦show more content†¦Throughout the history of Jazz, however, notation was more like a rough sketch. This was because the syncopated rhythms of ragtime and the melodic riffs of the blues were not easily notated. Also, early Jazz musicians were not formally trained; they usually learned by ear. Some songs were transcribed and written down, but not in precise ways. Jazz music became more of a passed on tradition that a musician learned through interaction with other players. In a similar way, the modern Jazz musician must rely on previous recordings to get a feel for the style and technique which he desires to learn from. But in classical music, one composer can learn from an older composer by looking at and analyzing the music that the previous composer wrote down. Likewise, classical musicians can master the parts they must play by practicing the music that has been written or published beforehand. These two approaches to passing on tradition are both valid. However, without the recording medium Jazz music might have developed much differently than it has. The cohesive element that keeps a musical group together is also an interesting contrast. In Classical music, the conductor uses a baton and plays the orchestra as if it were his instrument; he looks at a complete score of all the events happening in the composition and interprets these events based on his knowledge and intuition of what the composer intended. Jazz groups rarely utilizeShow MoreRelatedThe Classical Music And Jazz1544 Words   |  7 PagesSeptember 2015 Classical music and Jazz What people come up with when they hear the words â€Å"classical music† is a big concert hall, while what people come up with is a small bar or something when they hear â€Å"jazz†. It seems they are different as they are named differently, but are they really different? 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It was all very refreshing and spontaneous, something which I did not expect fromRead MoreMusic Makes Children Smarter : Music Essay1610 Words   |  7 PagesMusic Makes Children Smarter Music in many ways. has a potential to allure an individual, especially children, to improve their intellect, when involved in music. Schools and organizations had researched and estimated that schools with music curriculum, have more graduation and successful rates than school that do not doesn’t have music subjects. Universities have concluded that a specific part of our brain had a major role that can progress to become intellectual when exposed to classical musicRead MoreCharles Mingus and Civil Rights1572 Words   |  7 Pagesgroundbreaking jazz musicians and composers of the 1950s and 1960s. The virtuoso bassist gained fame in the 1940s and 1950s working with such jazz greats as Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington, Charlie Parker, Art Tatum, and many others. His compositions pushed harmonic barriers, combining Western-European classical styles with African-American roots music. While examining his career is valuable from musical standpoint, his career also provides a power ful view of the attitudes of African-American jazz musiciansRead MoreRhapsody In Blue Essay1252 Words   |  6 Pagesthat has found its way into contemporary movies and advertisements, making it likely as recognizable as Chopin’s Funeral March or Beethoven’s Fifth Symphony. But unlike these two pieces of iconic classical music, Rhapsody in Blue â€Å"resists classification.†1 In it are elements of classical music, blues and jazz, making it at once â€Å"Gershwin’s most famous piece† but also â€Å"possibly his least understood composition.†2 Indeed, while Rhapsody became a popular hit in the 1920s, the reception from critics wasRead MoreWhat Is The Types Of Music?1587 Words   |  7 Pages What is the types of music? Music became an important thing since i was really young.It grew up with me together and it brings me a lot of things that other things can’t give me.Now,let me tell you all about what i learned from music,and my feeling with music.I found there are many different types of music.And every type of music brings listener different feelings.Types makes music totally different. If i am a narrator,then music is like a main character in my life.ActuallyRead MoreA Career Essay : The Career Of My Dream1111 Words   |  5 Pagesthat I wanted to do something with music, but the question was: what kind of musician do I want to be? Because there truly is not a path relating to music that is better than another. When you think about it, the are all dead-ends. Classical musicians, jazz musicians†¦ there aren’t any benefits to either, but they both have their fair share of problems. Show me a musician whose success outweighed their stress and struggles. When I thought about being a classical musician, I originally thought thatRead MoreThe Mystery of Jazz and its Powerful Impact on the Community807 Words   |  3 Pagesmystery of Jazz and its powerful impact on the music community can be explained largely by the context of it’s creation. Jazz was born in the United States, and because of this, many have referred to Jazz as â€Å"America’s music.† Like America, Jazz has a balance between structure and spontaneity. It capitalizes on the fluidity of the musicians, having several different instruments with independent spirits, coming together as one to form a great piece of music. Unlike other styles of music, Jazz has a certain

Mohandas Gandhi was One of Indias Pacifist and Activist

Mohandas Gandhi Gandhi once said, â€Å"You must be the change you wish to see in the world.† Mohandas Gandhi was an Indian pacifist and activist, who is a beacon and an icon for many people. He has inspired many to pursue non-violence, which is why we can consider him one of the greatest of his time. Everything he has done was either for the good of others, or to bring himself spiritually closer to god. Gandhi was a reformer because he played a large role in India’s freedom from Britain, he is seen as the century’s foremost representative of civil rights, and he created a method of moral activism and non-violence. As stated by Gandhi, â€Å"Only if I die for India shall I know that I was fit to live.† Gandhi is the main reason why India freed themselves from Britain’s control in the early 1900s. The British wanted to pass a bill to prevent Indians from voting, so Gandhi led a drive that gathered 10,000 signatures to oppose the bill (Deats 25). Also, Gandhi marched 240 miles to the sea, where he made salt illegally against the governments monopoly and high tax on salt to help the poor (History Study Centre, Mohandas K. Gandhi.). Once in control of the Indian National Congress, he led the Non-Co-Operation Movement, in which Indians stopped supporting British Colonial Institutions (Hardiman 2). And to finally ignite the spark for their freedom from Britain, Gandhi led the â€Å"Quit India† campaign. Independence was declared five years later in 1947 (History Study Centre, MohandasShow MoreRelatedA Brief Biography of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi766 Words   |  3 PagesMohandas Karamchand Gandhi, also known as Mahatma Gandhi, was Indias greatest political and moral leader. He was born in Gujarat on October 2, 1869 and assassinated on January 30, 1948. In his 79 years of lifetime, he was able to accomplish so many things for the discriminated and all of India. His acts and ideologies still affects the world today. He was born in Gujarat on October 2, 1869 to a prime minister of Rajkot and a faithful Hindu woman. His mother Putilbais faith in Hindu affected GandhiRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesreunification of Germany, the surge of globalization from the mid-1990s) and afterward (9/11, or the global recession of 2008) when one could quite plausibly argue that a new era had begun. A compelling case can be made for viewing the decades of the global scramble for colonies after 1870 as a predictable culmination of the long nineteenth century, which was ushered in by the industrial and political revolutions of the late 1700s. But at the same time, without serious attention to the processes

Jones Electrical Distribution Case Analysis Sample Essay Example For Students

Jones Electrical Distribution Case Analysis Sample Essay This analysis is based on the 5 inquiries to the instance. We believe that replying them builds a instead thorough and clear image of the province of Jones’ concern and its strengths and issues and offers a good analysis of its current province. Question A ) How good is â€Å"Jones Electrical Distribution† executing? What must Jones make good to win? Jones Electrical Distribution is electrical providing company. Since it was established in 2004. the gross revenues have been turning steadily on a twelvemonth to twelvemonth footing from $ 1624000 in 2004 to $ 2224000 in 2006. and furthermore a jutting $ 2. 7 million in gross revenues for the current fiscal twelvemonth of 2007. In the same clip net income has been unequal for the measure of gross revenues. This information is backed by the really low Net income Margins experienced by the company. most late merely 1. 3 % ( and merely 0. 8 % for the first one-fourth of 2007 ) . As of late. the company has faced a hard curren cy deficit and the consequences of that are going evident on its fiscal statements. Histories collectible have increased dramatically comparing 2006 and 2007. The same state of affairs is with histories receivables. demoing that less of Jones’ clients are willing to pay hard currency for goods delivered. As a consequence the usage of a price reduction thanks to fast payment to providers has become unlikely. Further survey of the addition in of import constituents such as histories receivables and stock list will be discussed in the 3rd subdivision of this instance analysis. Here are some critical ratios in analysis the company’s public presentation: ROA=NI/Total Assetss ; ROA=2. 3 % for 2004. 4. 3 % for 2005 and 3. 8 % for 2006. which means what the net income is per dollar of assets and indicates the Jones doesn’t use the assets in an efficient mode. ROE= NI/Total Equity ; ROE=7. 6 % for 2004. 13. 62 % for 2005 and 12. 35 % for 2006. This ratio indicates that for every dollar in equity Jones Electrical Distribution generates 0. 07. 0. 13 and 0. 12 cents in net income for 2004. 2005 and 2006 severally. To better the ratio indicators the house has to increase the Net Income. Net income Margin=NI/Sales ; PM=0. 8 % for 2004. 1. 5 % for 2005 and 1. 3 % for 2006. Profit Margin for the Jones Electrical Distribution is highly low. Jones should take advantage of gross revenues price reductions. Debt Equity Ratio=Total Debt/Total Equity= 2. 19 times for 2004. 2. 12 for 2005 and 2. 22 times for 2006. The ratio is demoing us the liabilities keep turning. While analysing the ratios’ indexs it is going clear that Jones managed the company more successfully in 2005. Possibly this is helped by the fact that he used all the price reductions from providers. It is really indispensable for Jones Electrical Distribution to leverage the net income. which is impossible to make without diminishing the costs of running the concern. Jones Electrical Distribution seems to be a company based on a good gross revenues squad who take are conveying about a really steady annually growing of between 17 % and 18 % . This rather singular figure seems to demo an aspiration and dedication and net income despite little has besides grown at a pacing that seems to decelerate down unlike that of gross revenues. So it seems that Jones has to seek to move to his strengths by back uping the good work of his gross revenues squad. but in the interim the chief jobs seems to be connected to the Profit Margin. The EBIT of the company or in other words the disbursals of doing a sale are perchance excessively high and stifle the growing chance and do a demand for external funding. This would be difficult to keep for really long particularly for a concern of that size. Jones has to seek to minimise costs and increase his hard currency aggregation as it has been dawdling every bit good. The hard currency injection of the new line of recogn ition will be a breath of alleviation but non a long term solution. So merely uniting the aforesaid steps will let a thriving concern like Jones’ to procure a good balance between cut downing EFN and non impeding growing. These points will be farther discussed as we go. First let’s analyze the undermentioned Question B ) Why does a concern that has net income $ 30. 000 per twelvemonth need a bank loan? For the last few old ages Jones’ concern has been sing a growing harmonizing to the seemingly good public presentation of the gross revenues squad who have captured a turning demand really good. This nevertheless has led to a quandary for the proprietor who seems overwhelmed by the determinations connected to keeping this growing. since continuing it would intend fall backing to external funding. The job the company faces is the liquidness ( defined as sum of capital available for investing and disbursement ) for the company and it has been worsening. Despite retaining its net incomes. the house has seen problem keeping hard currency growing at the same rate as other assets and liabilities. This is supported by Numberss such as the hard currency ratio which for 2007 has been a meager 0. 06 547 falling from a old 0. 180349 in 2005. Furthermore the stock list demands of the company organize an built-in portion of the company’s assets. Chaos In King Lear EssayFundss available from Southern Bank A ; Trust 2007: We are presuming that he is utilizing $ 146. 430 ( $ 216. 000 – $ 99. 540 + $ 30. 000 ) to pay of Metropolitan Bank in 2007. His staying debt with Metropolitan will hence be $ 103. 570 ( $ 250. 000 – 146. 430 ) . His staying recognition line with Southern Bank A ; Trust sums to $ 134. 000 ( $ 350. 000 – $ 216. 000 ) . When his Histories Receivables exceeds $ 167. 500 and his stock list exceeds $ 201. 000 he will hold this financess available. The mean net income border for the company is 1. 23 % . Projected gross revenues for 2007 are $ 2. 700. 000. This will give us a jutting net income of $ 33. 121 ( $ 2. 700. 000 ten 1. 23 % ) . After analyzing this we can come to a decision. We don’t think Jones will be able to pay of his current line of recognition in the current status of the house. The new loan conditions with Southern Bank A ; Trust is interfering with Jones other possible solutions to his job. For Jones to be able to utilize money from the new fiscal establishment. he needs to increase his Histories Receivables and his Inventory. Both of these actions will hold a negative consequence on the company?s liquidness. Jones should concentrate on increasing his net income border before he focuses on growing. As it says in the instance he is a really cautious cat when it comes to money. and â€Å"doesn’t spend a dime if he don’t have to† . But he besides has a job with the company funding. His whole growing is paid with short term debt. and he is even paying of his long term debt with short-run recognition. Question E ) What could Jones make to cut down the size of the line of recognition he needs?First determined what he truly needs at this state of affairs.-The rapid gross revenues growing from 2004-2007 shows an increasing Net worth Value at slower rate. | 2004| 2005| 2006| First One-fourth 2007|Net worth| 184| 213| 243| 248|Table1. Show net worth from 2004-2007 ( 1st one-fourth ) Year 2004-2005| Year 2005-2006| Year 2006-2007 ( first one-fourth ) | Year 2007-2008| 213184=1. 1576086957| 243213=1. 1408450704| 248243=1. 0205761317| Close to 1 agencies no alteration in net worth value| Table2. Show net worth value addition over 3 old ages.From table 2. this conclude that with addition in figure of gross revenues will non ensue in better cyberspace worth. so Jones should choose for a no gross revenues Growth option for his hereafter growing programs. In other words alternatively of concentrating on the addition in gross revenues. the focal point should be switched to a more efficient and effectual control of costs to impact the low Net income Margin. If Jones manages to increase annually net incomes this would in term provide more maintained longing impacting of import ratios such as evidently PM and ROA. ROE and his EFN. More financess will be available to back up growing at a lower cost since borrowing demand would worsen. And this is exactly what he should be taking to make to procure long term wellness of the concern! Some options include altering providers. relocating for revenue enhancement intents ( even though his job is chiefly in pre revenue enhancement costs ) and possibly cutting portion of the gross revenues force or cut downing wages if possible. Furthermore to back up his growing the liquidness job has to be solved rapidly. Some farther ways to cut down the size of the line of recognition to accommodate his demands chiefly in the shorter run include: 1 ) We need to cut down the history receivable to bring forth more hard currency at any peculiar point of clip. for illustration giving gross revenues price reduction if purchaser pays hard currency as suggested in Question C ) . or increase Receivables turnover ( Sales/Account Receivable ) . The higher Receivable turnover means that the company will roll up faster on those gross revenues. 2 ) The chief providers to Jones Electrical Distribution had footings of 30 yearss or slowdown. The subsequently the payment day of the month the better it is. This manner the concern can take advantage of a secondary line of recognition. However this would intend losing out on a 2 % price reduction and has the possible to decline relationships with providers 3 ) The company could decelerate down its increasing gross revenues because fiscal support will be increased harmonizing to gross revenues. in other words. addition in gross revenues agencies larger financess are needed to back up stock list w hich will increase the line of recognition. So. without gross revenues growing. there is no demand for extra funding. 4 ) The stock list cut downing steps mentioned besides will better liquidness as it seems misdirection of that deprives the company of some of its hard currency. If Just in Time stock list is used there will be more hard currency available at any point. perchance cut downing the EFN.

The Cross Country Meet free essay sample

After we stretched, Coach Mulrooney called the varsity cross-country squad away from the rest of team. It was strange because he had never done this before, so we knew it wasn’t good. All of us just had the worst race of our careers, and the previous two races we did poorly. Each week we tried to get better, but it just wasn’t paying off. â€Å"What happened out there?† asked Coach Mulrooney. Silence. No one wanted to speak in fear that the coaches would turn on them. â€Å"We want to hear what you guys thought of the race before coach and I say our part,† said Coach Razor. We went around the circle, and each athlete said how they felt, and what they thought could’ve been done better. After we were all done, the coaches went. They said we were underachievers, mentally weak, and our goals were too high. We will write a custom essay sample on The Cross Country Meet or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It was scary. We had never been apart of anything like this before and we had never seen this happen to any prior team. Hearing that we weren’t working hard enough bounced around in my head. We had spent weeks doing the most excruciating workouts. It felt like our season was over after only the fourth meet. We walked away from the meeting heads down, not knowing what was going to come next. It was a long, quiet bus ride home, and the rumble of the bus tires couldn’t drown out coach’s words. What are we going to do? As a captain, I told the guys to use the coach’s comments as motivation. During the week I stayed focused and encouraged my teammates at every chance I got. I sent out texts and emails to the team, telling them to keep their heads up and get pumped for this week’s race. I also organized a pasta party the night before. This week’s race was at a difficult course and we were all nervous going in. But in the race, each of us dropped at least 20 seconds. After that race we never looked back. We improved each race, and eventually reached our goal of running at state. It was one of the best experiences I’ve ever had. From this season, I learned that sometimes things don’t go my way, and I can work hard but it still doesn’t might not happen for me. I just have to stay motivated and keep working hard and things will eventually fall into place.

Damani Harris Essays - Kikuyu People, Memoirists, Ngg Wa Thiongo

Damani Harris Essays - Kikuyu People, Memoirists, Ngg Wa Thiongo Damani Harris 2/4/16 Intro to Afro American Studies Framing Question #1 How do we undertake the study of the African experience? Abstract: We undertake the study of the African experience through the history of African people and by evaluating time periods in order to make sense of the African experience. We have to know the origin of our people and understand what they knew so we can explain what is happening today. We also have to understand the dismemberment of Africa and how that affected African peoples cultural identity. Critical Review of Scholarship: In order to answer Framing question one, I decided to pull sources from Ngugi WA Thiong'o Something Torn and New and Gregg E. Carr's towards and Intellectual History of Africana Studies: Genealogy and Normative Theory. I am going to use these two books as my sources because they have helped me understand the African Experience. From the book Something Torn and New, I am going to talk about the importance of identification. As I was reading the book, I realized that African people had to adapt to their new life during the diaspora in order to keep their heritage alive. From the book towards and Intellectual History of Africana Studies: Genealogy and Normative Theory, I am going to talk about how African people maintained their "self" throughout history despite the hardship that they been through and will go through. Both of these books were able to help me answer framing question one because they both gave me a deep insight on the African experience. I understand that the African experience is a journey with struggles, hardship, beauty, and love. African people were and still are over coming obstacles in order to exist. Both books were very helpful but at times were very confusing. Thiong'o book Something Torn and New successfully brought in native stories and history to describe the African experience. However, I noticed that some of the stories the book used as examples did not fully help me relate it back to framing question one. Carr's book Towards an Intellectual History of Africana Studies: Genealogy and Native Theory successfully taught me what methods to help better understand the African experience; what is right and wrong, and family. However, the theories stated were not explicit so it was difficult to fully understand what the text was trying to say. Discussion: In order to successfully undertake the study of the African experience one has to know the history and dismemberment of Africa. It started during the colonial period of Europe when they came to Africa in search of workers for their voyage to the new world. The book Something Torn and New explains how the dismemberment began and the affect it had on the African people. On the 6 of Something Torn and New, Thiong'o writes "The dismemberment occurred in two stages the African personhood was divided into two halves: the continent and diaspora," to explain how this act affected both Africans that stayed in Africa and those that were sent away. The Africans that were forcefully removed from their home country were stripped from their identity and as a result, they lost touch with their roots. Another way to understand the dismemberment is to know how Africa people were stripped of their language. To undertake the African Experience is to know how the loss of language affected a person's cultural identity. On page 17 of Something Torn and New, Thiong'o writes "It is terrible to have another's language imposed on upon one but acceptable to impose ones language on another it is the right of the conqueror." He writes this to describe how the Europeans made African people speak and understand their own language. Europeans preformed "Linguicide: language liquidation" (Ngugi wa Thiong'o pg. 17), they knew if they allowed the Africans to speak their own language and practice their own culture, then African people would have rebelled and find a way back to their homeland. So by taking away the Africans ability to communicate about their old lives, they had to soon forgotten their own culture and was forced to adapt to their new way of life. Another way to undertake the African experience is to track through the history of African people. Next,

Ethics of Cloning essays

Ethics of Cloning essays For the first time the cloning of a whole human being seems really possible. It is absolutely necessary to consider the harm that can be done and move to curb abuses. Also, it is important to understand some of the theory underlying the desire to build a better human. With recent developments in the cloning of the first whole mammal with Dolly the Sheep, for the first time the cloning a whole human being seems really possible. For years, clones have been the subject of popular fiction, but the technology was lacking. Now the ethics of doing so must be carefully considered. While almost all world health and religious bodies are coming out in opposition to the idea, it must be accepted that someone somewhere will try it. Thus, it is absolutely necessary to consider the harm that can be done and move to curb abuses. What immediately springs to mind for most people with the possibility of cloning whole people is the ideas of creating supermen or a master race which dominated the Nazis. But the theories of eugenics from which they operated were also touted in America and the rest of the Western world. Thus, it is important to understand some of the theory underlying the desire to build a better human. Eugenics is concerned with the social direction of human evolution. A distinction is made between positive and negative eugenics. Positive eugenics aims to increase reproduction of individuals who have traits, such as high intelligence and physical strength or fitness, which are considered to be valuable to society. Negative eugenics seeks to decrease reproduction among people believed to be inferior or below average mentally and physically (Glass). Cloning for better humanity, then, is normally associated with positive eugenics. Overall, since the Nazi experience, eugenics as a movement has been largely discredited, but the ideas still linger and many of the same arguments for cloning humans are used today, but with protest...

Resturant project (re-write) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Resturant project (re-write) - Essay Example Finally, ways to address the challenges will be discussed. Several factors play their role in the success and growth of a restaurant like convenience of location for the customers, an appealing menu, sufficient funds, good management, recruitment of competent staff, and proper scheduling. Management needs adequate amount of inventory, budget operational expenses, and cost effective supplies to make a restaurant prosper and its business profitable. An efficient information system helps the management achieve this. Information systems are definitely any organization’s backbone since they offer information that users can use to enhance their efficiency and productivity at work. Users also use information systems to have quick access to the data needed for making such decisions as the items to be restocked or excluding a drink from the menu because it does not sell. Information systems play a critical role in the management of a restaurant’s daily functions. Managers can us e adequate information systems to keep track of the sales and expenses to help a company minimize its costs and plan for the future costs well in advance. The owner and the CEO of the Favorite Greek restaurant is George. George operates the whole business and is the major decision maker. Kitchen is managed by the chef. The chef oversees how cooks prepare the meals, performs inventory checks, and places the order for drinks and food items with the suppliers. An assistant manager runs the entire restaurant which includes developing schedules for the servers, dealing with the complaints of the customers, and closing the restaurant at night. Orders are taken and meals are served to the customers by the waiters and waitresses. The Favorite Greek restaurant founded in May 2008 exists on George Street, Peterborough, ON. This restaurant that offers lunch and dinner has 14 employees in total. The restaurant also contains a bar to serve different sorts of drinks and alcoholic beverages to the customers. Many customers visit the restaurant on major events and festivals in the town, and the business of the restaurant flourishes. Customers get a great dining experience at the Favorite Greek restaurant. It is an ideal place to visit because of its vibrant ambiance, variety of meals, and friendly staff members. Both locals and tourists can easily access the restaurant since it is located in the heart of downtown Peterborough. Emergency Plan: There is no 100 per cent guarantee that the information is safe. The manager of the Favorite Greek seriously considers this fact and has therefore made an emergency plan that would help the restaurant operate during crisis. For low risk issues like water damage to a device of the server, the other two are usable till it is repaired by the software provider. In case the system completely collapses, they immediately approach the POS software provider for help. It is unfortunate that support personnel take a day to analyze the problem becau se of which, operations can halt and business can stop temporarily. Because of this, the only option the Favorite Greek restaurant has is to rung in orders and use the old fashioned way to tally the expenses. Expenses and receipts are necessarily recorded by hand till the problem is fixed by the POS provider. Advantages: Using POS software is advantages in numerous ways. It is not only user-friendly, but it tracks all placed orders and the most

ASSIGNMENT 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

ASSIGNMENT 4 - Essay Example The region above 75 miles of height is considered as highland. As kerala receives plenty of sunlight, it belongs to the hot climatic zone of the earth. Because of the nearness to sea most of the places have a humid condition. But some places in the eastern part of the state experiences moderate hot and cold weather conditions. The temperature will be low in thise places which are more than 1000m altitude. Therefore, these area are suitable for the cultivation of garden crops like cardamom, coffee and tea. The midland of kerala is a chain of hills and fields in between. The rain water which falls on hills is stored in the fields. A part of this forms the ground water. The remaining flows as streamlets. Kerala is one of the most loved tropical paradises, which boasts some of the richest biodiversity in the world. The climate here is more humid wetter. This part contains wet green forest and most complex and species rich vegetation. The rivers on Kerala have their origin in the ranges o f western Ghats , these rivers quickly drain to the Lakshwadweep sea. Owing to this, the rivers which are flooded during the rainy season become more channels with a lean flow of water during the rainy season. Only a small portion of water form the rainfall is stored in the soil. The major portion of water reaches the sea abruptly. Biodiversity4 The Western Ghats also known as the Sahyadri hills is a mountain chain , different types of vegetation : scrub jungles and grasslands at low altitudes, dry and moist deciduous forests, grasslands and shoals, and the precious tropical evergreen and semi evergreen forests. Complex topography, high rainfall and relative inaccessibility have helped the region retain its biodiversity. Of the 15,000 flowering plant species in India, there are an estimated 4,780 species in the Western Ghats region. There is also a great diversity of traditional crop plants and an equal diversity of animal life. A large number of amphibians, freshwater fishes and in vertebrate groups are endemic to Western Ghats . Man-Made causes for degradation of Environment in Kerala Deforestation DEFORESTATION has many ecological, social and economic consequences, one of which is the loss of biological diversity .The destruction of territory is the most effective form of removal of any particular form of life from the face of earth. Menon and Bava2 have estimated the rate of deforestation in the Western Ghats to be .057% annually during the Period 1920 -1990.The food chain depends on depends upon the vegetation. Forests are an integral part of the vegetation. A vast area of forest has been cut dawn in the name of industrialization And rapid urbanization. Moreover the rural mass depends on the wood from the forest to keep their kitchen fires alive. The recent unstable rain fall in the area is the result of the loss of forest cover. The reduction of annual rain fall in the area is also another observed disaster the region now faces. Large scale deforestation in to Western Ghats and introduction of plantation crops in the high land replacing the natural vegetation reduced the storage capacity of soil and resulted in surface soil erosion in watersheds and sedimentation in rivers. This has affected summer flow in river s and some perennial rivers and rivulets have become seasonal in the last few decades due to large scale land cover changes. Sand Quarrying and River Bank Agriculture Excessive instream san d-and

Calcium Absorption Essay Example for Free

Calcium Absorption Essay In order to determine the content of calcium and magnesium in an unknown sample of limestone, the utilization of atomic absorption spectrophotometry can help in deciphering the unknown concentrations of each molecule in the limestone sample. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry, emits radiation of the correct frequency that is passed through a flame and the intensity of the transmitted radiation is measured?. The calcium concentration or ppm can be measured using the absorbance of the solution and comparing it to a standard curve for calcium?. Whereas magnesium, needs to be determined using the standard addition method. The concentrations of each respective molecule can be presented as CaO and MgO percentages of the unknown limestone sample. Materials and Methods The compound calcium carbonate (CaCO3, CAS: 471-34-1, 204. 89ppm) was utilized to compare its absorbance to the unknown sample of limestone # 8066 on the standard curve. Moreover, magnesium sulfate heptahydrate (MgSO4*7H2O, CAS: 10034-99-8, 40. 8ppm) was also utilized to compare its absorbance against that of the unknown. Lab personnel from the CSU Eastbay department of chemistry stockroom performed all calibrations on the Perkin Elmer AAnalyst 300 atomic absorption spectrometer. All chemicals used in this experiment were obtained from the CSU Eastbay department of chemistry stockroom. A Denver Instrument Co. Sargent-Welch analytical balance was used to determine the mass of the unknown, mass of calcium carbonate, and mass of magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. A Perkin Elmer AAnalyst 300 atomic absorption spectrometer equipped with a Lumina Calcium and Magnesium Lamp was used to determine the absorbance. The instrument used Argon and Acetylene as the carrier gas and oxidant gas, respectively.

What Is Operations Research Essay -- essays research papers

This is an Engineering Research Paper. What is operations research? Operations research is the application of the methods of science to complex problems arising in the direction and management of large systems of men, machines material, and money in industry, business, government and defense. The distinctive approach is to develop a scientific model of the system, incorporating measurements of factors such as chance and risk, with which to predict and compare the outcomes of alternative decisions, strategies or controls. The purpose is to help management determine its policy and actions scientifically. (Ravindran, Phillips and Solberg 1987). How does operations research apply to highway systems inefficiency? Let’s find out! â€Å"Automakers don’t build roads and governments don’t build autos, yet we expect cars and roads to mesh together seamlessly to form a transportation network.† For year’s automakers and regional transportation planners have been working to put information age technology to work solving traffic problems. All over the world people are choosing to travel by automobile because this flexible mode of travel best meets their needs. But grid locked expressways threaten to take the â€Å"mobile† out of â€Å"automobile.† This presentation will try to show reasons why our expressways are so congested, what the Federal Highway Administration proposals are to alleviate congestion and the advantages and disadvantages of these proposals under review. Firstly what are some of the causes of urban highway congestion? Rush hour traffic is one of the leading contributors of highway congestion. It isn’t our imagination. Every year commute times to work take longer and longer. Since 1986 car travel has increased almost 40%, while highway capacity has barley grown. As a result most major interstate routes in Metropolitan areas are jammed during rush hours. Grid locked cost Americans almost the equivalent of $51 billion a year in lost wages and wasted fuel. And the situation is only going to get worse. (Steisand, Betsy. 1996). What causes rush hour traffic? Simply put, at specific times of the day be it in the morning or evening motorists in general are either on their way to work or home. There is such a glut of vehicles on the expressways at this time. They all need to get to their destinations at peak times of the day. It is a simple equation: Too many cars incorp... ...napp. Crain’s Chicago Business. , v 22 no2 (Jan. 11 ’99) p. 13. (4)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Moving forward smartly: The role of ITS in the NEXTEA† by: Jeff, Lindley. Public Roads. , Wntr 1997, v60 n3 p57(4). (5)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Message in a bottleneck: It’s time to start charging rush hour commuters† by: Betsy, Steisand. U.S News and World Report; Dec 30 1996, v121, n26, p47(2). (6)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Fighting road rage† by: William B. Cassidy. Traffic World,v. 251 (Aug. 11 ’97) p. 31. (7)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"For Florida a second chance† by: William C. Vantuono. Railway Age. , v. 196 (Apr. ’95) p. 59-60. (8)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Actual hands-off steering- and other wonders of the modern world† by: Bob, Bryant. Public Roads; Nov-Dec 1997, v61, n3, p32(6). (9)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"91 Express ways do not work well† by: Mackprang, Peter and Harry, Parker. American City and County. , v. 114 no12 (Oct. 1999)p. 6. (10)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Operational models and traffic control in intelligent vehicle systems† by; Zhang, L. Transportation Research PartA: Policy and Practice; (Jan 1997), v31, n1, p64.

Om 10 Decision of Hard Rock Essay

1.From your knowledge of restaurant, from the video, from the Global Company Profile that opens this chapter, and from the case itself. Identify how each of the 10 decisions of operations management is applied at Hard Rock Cafe? 1) Design of goods and service Hard Rock Cafe us famous for foods from classic American -burgers and chicken wings- . So they try to be good in service to customers and always modifying the menu. The experience concept is to provide not only a custom meal from the menu, but dining event that include a unique visual and sound experience not duplicated anywhere in the world. 2) Managing quality Hard Rock Cafe serve over 3,500 meals of each day. The Cafe employs about 400 people, therefore they usually have base on how to manage with their employs to get efficiency because concept of Hard Rock ,who want to work in here are not only competent in their job skills ,they should also have passionate about music and have engaging. 3.) Process and Capacity Hard Rock Cafe spend millions of each years to purchase new music,souvenirs come from legends of rock -mainly from Elvis – Each Hard Rock Cafe and Restaurant is different design menu that depends on culture & country. Hard Rock Cafe works to create product in an efficient , manner, analyzing them for cost , quantity and labor requirement 4) Location strategy Hard Rock Cafe has always catered largely to tourist in recent years. The tourist seeking to find a special and memorable time . Their largest restaurant and one the biggest restaurant in the world is located in Orlando , Florida. 5) Layout Strategy Concept of Hard Rock Cafe stands out the crowded restaurant is their layout just looking their big guitar outside. The wall is being slapped with lots of memorabilia : guitars ,drums , shirts , pants , shoes, scarves , hand  written come from music brand or legendary musician , such as Elvis , John Lennon . So that Hard Rock seems to be â€Å"Live† museum 6) Human resource and job design Hard Rock has an employs Bill of rights , outstanding pay , benefit and promotion that helps employee self-motivated individual .They also have policy hiring the best quantity not just best available. Human resource can be expensive , different to archive and hard to sustain but in Hard Rock Cafe with in practice training and treat employee as you need individuality that not only good for business but also have definitely â€Å"Rock† 7) Supple chain management Hard Rock has been explored new global resource to achieve maximum profitable via supply chain. Be aware the most advantage of outsourcing is cost saving and improve services level. Hard Rock has selected USCO logistic. 8) Inventory , Material requirement planing , and JIT Inventory is one of the most expensive assets of many companies and Hard Rock is not exclusive and also has invested 40 million dollars in one of world’s largest collection of rock-and – roll memorabilia inventory. â€Å"The objective of inventory †-management is to strike a balance between inventory investment and customer service and using effectively software such as Excel OM . Hard Rock has done a great of cataloging every single item. 9) Intermediate and short-term scheduling Hard Rock Cafe is using a lot of forecasting technique such as moving average weighted moving average , exponential smoothing and regression. Analysis that helps manager to see the impact on demand of other menu items if price of one item is changed. 10) Maintenance Hard Rock Cafe got the goal maintenance when they succeed to maintain the capability of system over 52 countries ad keeping a system’s equipment is working order in 163 cafes around the world.

Motivation Essay

1. Define and discuss motivation. Which theory of motivation offers the best chance, if handled properly, of increasing productivity in your workplace? Motivation can be described as a process that accounts for an individuals intensity, direction and persisitence of efforts towards attaining a goal (Robbins, 2004). While general motivation is concerned with motivation towards the achievement of any goal, this paper will be discussing motivation in relation to organizational goals, as the focus is on work related behavior (Robbins, 2004). With regards to the definition, there are 3 key elements related to motivation. Intensity is concerned with how hard a person tries to achieve a goal. But in order for intensity to trnaslate into better performance it has to be channeled in the right direction. So, the quality of the intensity is very essential. Persistence is another dimension to motivation. It is a measure of how long a person can maintain his or her efforts. There have been numerous theories on motivation, devised and tested multiple times. But the theory I find most relevant and important to a workplace, the work be of any nature, is the expectacy theory, put forward by Victor Vroom (Robbins, 2004). Expectancy theory focuses on three main relationships. The effort-performance relationship, performance-reward relationship and the reward-personal goal relationship. In more practical terms, expectancy theory says that when an employee puts in effort o his job it is partly because he believes his effort will translate into better performance, but this performance alone would be useless to him, until and unless there are obvious benefits attached to better performance, i.e. rewards. These rewrds may be monetary or non-monetary and may vary from a promotion or pay increment to a pat on the back from the boss and a word or two of appreciation from the supervisor. This would motivate the workforce, as every individual will perceive that with this job he would be able accomplish his personal goals. 2. Define and discuss leadership. Which style is presently used in your own workplace? Which style is needed, or which style do you believe should be used to increase productivity? Leadership theories have great applications in business settings. For example, some organizations look for leadership traits when choosing a candidate for a leadership position.   Most organizations that we normally encounter look for specific personality traits of individuals such as their openness to experience, social behavior, extraversion etc. These are the traits that are associated with good leaders. Extraversion is a trait that is mostly associated with leadership emergence because extraverted people are quick to establish contacts, have usually good communication skills and are emotionally aware of others. Similarly, openness to experience is a good indicator of a leader’s ability to encounter and deal with new situations. Contemporary theories of leadership such as Charismatic leadership and Transformational leadership fit very well in the dynamic situation of the contemporary world. Contemporary leadership theories view leaders as individuals who inspire their followers through their words, ideas and behaviors. And this is so true of today’s successful leaders (Kotter, 1995).   Charismatic leadership theory can be applied to leaders such as New York mayor Rudy Guiliani, African President Nelson Mandela, and African-American leader Martin Luther King. Through his rhetoric, Martin Luther king was able to consolidate the civil rights movement and became one of the most inspiring leaders (Kotter, 1995). Contemporary leadership theories are forward looking as they emphasize on leader’s vision. A clear vision is described as one of the qualities of charismatic leaders because it is their vision that binds their followers and becomes the impetus for change. Moreover, contemporary leadership theories put emphasis on leader-follower relationship as in Leader Exchange Theory (Robbins, 2004). As employees become more empowered, leader-follower relationship becomes even more important and contemporary leadership theories provide valuable information in this regard. So, in essence, leadership has a huge role to play when it comes to the employees’ attitude towards work. Because, if a leader can inspire and motivate his or her followers, it may help bring out a more positive attitude from them, and ultimately this would have a positive impact on the productivity of the company.

Free Essays on Count Of Monte Cristo

â€Å"There is neither happiness nor misery in the world; there is only the comparison of one state with another, nothing more.† (Chapter 73) Only a person who has been very miserable can experience the wonder of being very happy. Alexander Dumas conveys this kind of feeling in his novel, The Count of Monte Cristo, in many of the characters. There is a big contrast between two types of characters in the novel. The cruel characters tend to be the ones who are unhappy and dislike their life, not because of the way they are, but because of what they don’t have. The kind characters in the novel are content with what they have and live life to the fullest in that. Dumas shows how many things can bring about this feeling of unhappiness. First of all, jealous and envy play a big part in unhappiness. Also, he shows that love and isolation are big factors in living a happy life. In the novel, Dumas shows unhappiness to be the most consistent quality that separates the good and evil characters. The sympathetic characters, such as Dantes in the beginning of the novel, are able to evaluate their situations and feel satisfaction with their life. The other kind of unsympathetic characters, like Caderousse ignore the blessings that they have in their lives and concentrate on the things that others have that makes them feel jealous. These feelings are mainly what caused Dantes’ enemies to betray him. His enemies, regardless of their great state of wealth and blessing, become very unsatisfied with Dantes’ better position. Caderousse can take every situation, no matter how good and great it is, and find something negative about it. Dumas shows this several times in the novel. Caderousse very much could have been satisfied. He was healthy, smart, and pretty well off. But even when he receives the diamond, he cannot see this situation as able to make him satisfied and happy. The opposite to Caderousse, however, has to be Julie and Emmanuel Herbaut... Free Essays on Count Of Monte Cristo Free Essays on Count Of Monte Cristo â€Å"There is neither happiness nor misery in the world; there is only the comparison of one state with another, nothing more.† (Chapter 73) Only a person who has been very miserable can experience the wonder of being very happy. Alexander Dumas conveys this kind of feeling in his novel, The Count of Monte Cristo, in many of the characters. There is a big contrast between two types of characters in the novel. The cruel characters tend to be the ones who are unhappy and dislike their life, not because of the way they are, but because of what they don’t have. The kind characters in the novel are content with what they have and live life to the fullest in that. Dumas shows how many things can bring about this feeling of unhappiness. First of all, jealous and envy play a big part in unhappiness. Also, he shows that love and isolation are big factors in living a happy life. In the novel, Dumas shows unhappiness to be the most consistent quality that separates the good and evil characters. The sympathetic characters, such as Dantes in the beginning of the novel, are able to evaluate their situations and feel satisfaction with their life. The other kind of unsympathetic characters, like Caderousse ignore the blessings that they have in their lives and concentrate on the things that others have that makes them feel jealous. These feelings are mainly what caused Dantes’ enemies to betray him. His enemies, regardless of their great state of wealth and blessing, become very unsatisfied with Dantes’ better position. Caderousse can take every situation, no matter how good and great it is, and find something negative about it. Dumas shows this several times in the novel. Caderousse very much could have been satisfied. He was healthy, smart, and pretty well off. But even when he receives the diamond, he cannot see this situation as able to make him satisfied and happy. The opposite to Caderousse, however, has to be Julie and Emmanuel Herbaut...

Thanksgiving Lesson Plan Acrostic Poem

Thanksgiving Lesson Plan Acrostic Poem Are you in need of a quick and easy Thanksgiving lesson plan to share with your students in the week before Thanksgiving? Consider practicing acrostic poetry with your students. Acrostic poetry is great for building vocabulary and exercising creativity.   An acrostic poem uses the letters in a word to begin each line of the poem. All of the lines of the poem relate to or somehow describe the main topic word. Here are a few quick tips to consider. Model the format of acrostic poems with your students. Work together to write a collective acrostic poem on the whiteboard. You can use the sample below.Give your students a Thanksgiving-related word so that they can write their own acrostic poem. Consider: gratitude, thank you, Thanksgiving, thankful, blessings, or grateful. Discuss the meaning of these words and the true meaning of the Thanksgiving holiday.Give your students time to write their acrostic poems. Circulate and offer guidance as needed. Offer help but do not give students any phrases or sentences; let them do that on their own.If you have time, allow the students to illustrate their poems. This project makes a great bulletin board display for November, especially if you do it early in the month! Your students can even give their gratitude poems to family members as a creative way of saying thank you for all they do. Sample Thanksgiving Acrostic Poem Here are a few samples of Thanksgiving acrostic poems. Sample number three is written for someone. Sample No. 1 G - Giving me tasty food to eatR - Reading to me before I go to bedA - Always working hard for our familyT - Treating me sweetlyI - I appreciate you!T - Tucking me into bed at nightU - Understanding me when Im upsetD - Doing the right thingsE - Excellent parents! Sample No. 2 T - urkey time (I love the white meat!)H - oping the weather will stay coolA - untie’s pumpkin pie is my favoriteN -   ine plates around the family dinner tableK - eeping family traditions aliveS - tuffing my tummy with my nanas super stuffingG - iving thanks for my family and friendsI - nviting our elderly neighbors over so they won’t be lonelyV   - egetables that I love are corn and beansI - think I am about to burst from all of the foodN - aps for the babies, grandparents, and all of us!G - ames and laughter throughout the day! Sample No. 3 T - Thank you for alwaysU - Understanding. Thank you for alwaysR - Remembering to beK - Kind, helpful, generous, nice, and respectful ofE - Each other. That is why I am so happy and thankful everyY - Year for everything that you do for me.

Assassination Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Assassination - Essay Example Other incidents include unauthorized airplanes passing over the White House and in given situation, an aircraft crashing into the house. Plans to utilize planes seem most application for the assassins since the ground is somehow well guarded and the only place they can reach the presidents is using the planes to strike the White House. Other characteristics of assassinsare the use of threats, comprising armed assaults and bombings, dreaded kidnaping and captive-taking, assassination plots, alongside direct, strikes on the presidents (Jost & Sidanius 78). On the other hand, some assassins sometimes form organized groups that take part of some regions in opposition to the president’s leadership or just greed for power. Such incidences occur regular accompanied by kidnapping of children while on vacation like the incident of President Cleveland. Another example is the September 11, 2001 where the attackers used different planes to strike different buildings (Jost & Sidanius 123). The three categories of motivations for Non-Presidential assassinations depend on some objectives but not all of them possess the past US model. The categories are based on assassinations as a way through which politicalelite replaces the existing government without influencing systemic or usualchange. The second category is those with reasons to harm the legality of controlling the elite and influencing the system or ideological amendments and lastly categorized based on propaganda of encouraging ideology (Jost & Sidanius

Declaring english as the official language Research Paper

Declaring english as the official language - Research Paper Example As a result, approximately 300 languages continue to exist, which are in correlation to the cultural diversity present in the country (Shmidt, 2000). This makes it difficult for people, especially immigrants, to have the urge to learn English. This paper is a critical evaluation of why English should be declared as the official language of communication in the United States. Declaring English as the Official Language English is a language, which is spoken by approximately 2 billion people worldwide. 98% of Americans understand and speak English, regardless of whether it is their first or second language of communication (Shmidt, 2000). It is therefore, ironic that the government continues to frustrate the calls to declare it as the official language of conducting business, especially in public institutions. By so doing, a lot of money, which could be used to enhance growth in other sectors of the economy, is spent on duplicating government services in order to accommodate the high nu mber of languages spoken in the country. For example, services such as printing of public documents like court decisions, ballot papers, the constitution, road signs among others requires the reproduction of those materials in different languages, so as to deliver the desired messages to the audience. According to reports, the California state in 2002 spent approximately $2.2 million for the sole purpose of translation in the department of motor vehicles while St. Cloud spent more than $200000 for translation services in 2003 (US English Inc, 2012). If the English language is declared official, then every citizen would be obligated to acquire the necessary skills or else be ready to incur the expenses involved in translation. Having an official language is important in any given society as it facilitates the smooth running of businesses. This is due to the fact that business operators would not have to incur the expenditure of hiring interpreters to serve customers, who may be force d to buy in those shops that have people who speak the same language as they do. For example, it would be difficult for a person of Hispanic origin to go to a Chinese restaurant in which all the menus are printed in Chinese. In the same sense, a Chinese person may find it limiting to go to Japanese or an Italian restaurant under the same conditions without feeling uncomfortable, since they speak different languages. As a result, it may be found out that such customers would prefer going to their respective restaurants, which are operated in that language, which they understand. In this context, it becomes difficult for these people to socialize with people outside their cultural groupings, thereby resulting to a segregated society. America is one country and in order to promote unity, especially due to its history of racism, English should be made the official language of communication (Crawford, 2000). This would facilitate the unification of all races as it would make it possible for citizens to understand each other at the intellectual level and not on the basis of their origins. Countries, such as Japan and China, have created an identity and respect for themselves through their official languages, i.e. Japanese and Mandarin, to the extent that anyone wishing to do business in these countries must study the official language for him to be successful. It is therefore necessary and long overdue for the US to create its own identity so as to encourage Americanization and a sense of responsibility among the

The united States Constitution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The united States Constitution - Essay Example First passed by the Senate in April 1864 and by the House on 31st January 1865, the amendment was adopted the same year on 6th December (GPO-CONAN 1793-4). Section 1 of the 13th amendment explicitly maintains the abolishment of slavery and involuntary servitude from all parts of the country, as well as the territories outside the USA under American jurisdiction, in these words: â€Å"Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction† (GPO-CONAN 1796). In Civil Rights Cases, 109 U.S. 3, 20 (1883), the Supreme Court held that the amendment under-examination concentrates upon the eradication of slavery and involuntary servitude only with the aim of introducing an absolute freedom in the country (109 US 4, 20). Somehow, the court further exclaims, that denial of equal accommodations in public places does not impose any mark of slavery; instead it actually infringes the rights had been protected by the law abolishing slavery and involuntary servitude. In other terms, despite the reality that SC applies observing of equality at public places; nevertheless, it does not enforce the strict banishment of ethno-racial or religious prejudice and bias being demonstrated by the (white) subjects at the public places towards their black counterparts (Parks 24). However, the judgment issued by the court expressively turns down the prevalence of wide-scale ethno-racial prejudice in the country (109 US 62, 20). Similarly, through its verdict in 392 U.S. 409 Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co. (No. 645), the court held in its Para 2 (a) that Section 1982 completely bars any type of racial discrimination to be observed with regards to the sale and purchase of any property. In other words, witnessing of racial bias in property-related business has been declared

Changing World Lasting Values Essay Example for Free

Changing World Lasting Values Essay You hear many tales nowadays — that the world is absurd, that everything has changed, that old moral values have died. This is all non-sense, for if you look for reality beneath the clutter of words which hide it, you will rediscover the eternal man. True values were not invented for the pleasure of senile moralists. They exist because without them, neither society nor happiness could survive. Here, then, are a few rules as old as civilization itself which remain true despite the advances of science and technology. The first is that man must live for something other than himself. The man who meditates ceaselessly about himself finds a thousand reasons to be unhappy. He has notaccomplished everything he wanted to or should have done; he has not gotten everything he thought he deserved; he has not been loved as he dreamed of being loved- But if he lives for ideals outside of himself — for his faith or his country, for his friends, his wife and family, he miraculously forgets all his petty worries. In trying to make others happy, he also makes himself happy. The veritable inner world is the veritable outer world. The second rule is that man must act. The joy of the soul is inaction. Instead of lamenting the absurdity of the world, let us try to transform our own little corner. It is not impossible. We cannot change the whole universe, but who hopes to do that? Our objective is much more simple: to do our job and do it well, to become a master at it. Each one works in his own field. I write books, the carpenter assembles my bookshelves, the policeman directs traffic, the engineer, constructs, the minister governs. All of them, kept busy at work which they know how to do well, are happy. This is so true that when people have leisure time, they keep busy with apparently useless activities such as games and sports. As for useful action, we know from experience that it is effective: an active mayor makes a city prosperous; an active priest brings vitality to a parish. Happy are those in whose eyes men look for order. The third rule is that one must believe in the power of the will. It is not true that the future is predetermined- A great man can change the course of history. Any man who has the courage and the will can change his own future. Naturally, none of us is all- powerful. Each mans freedom has its limits. Freedom lies between the border of the possible and the will. It is beyond my power to prevent war, but I can perform an act which, multiplied by millions, will be effective. It is not possible for me to win a battle, but it is up to me to be a courageous soldier. Since this limitation of the will is dependent on what one dares, one must not worry about his limitation; but do the best he can. Finally, the fourth, and most precious of all values, is faithfulness, Faithfulness to promises, contracts, to others, and to oneself. One must be among those who can be counted upon. Faithfulness is not an easy virtue. Thousand of temptations are thrown across our paths. Faithfulness in marriage, said Bernard Shaw, is no more natural to man than the cage to the tiger. Undoubtedly, faithfulness is natural. It is born of a voluntary decision, constantly renewed, which helps us to rise above our natures. But it gives us the lasting joy of being at peace with ourselves. I may forego an immediate pleasure to assure myself the great joy in the future of looking at my past without shame, but with pride. Every society in which citizens live for naught but fleeting pleasures, where men no longer trust each other, and whose members let themselves go is doomed. When Rome let go and ceased to set store by the values which made her great, she perished. When France clung to eternal values she was saved. Modern technology may change ones modes of action, but they change neither its values, the reasons for it, nor the duty of faithfulness. Thus it was in the beginning and so it will always be.

Online Social Networking and Politics Essay -- Facebook, Twitter, Pint

Introduction The internet is one of the most dynamic inventions in the history of mankind. It spreads knowledge and allows for rapid communication amongst untold numbers of people on a scale previously unimaginable. It has revolutionized countless aspects of the modern world, ranging from its effects on business practices and the economy to creating new forms of leisure activities and educational content. The multitude of ways the internet has affected the modern world is truly astonishing. Online social networking is a relatively recent phenomenon of the internet. Online social networks have permeated their ways into millions of peoples’ lives. People create digital identities of themselves, updating and maintaining their online profiles, allowing users to more easily keep in touch with family, friends, and the world around them. Groups and micro-societies are formed when users rally behind a common interest, activity, or goal. This user-managed method of organizing people and information has quickly found its way into varying aspects of our culture. One important area in which the internet and online social networks have found their way is American politics, and they are changing it like it has never been changed before. Howard Dean The rise and fall of former Vermont governor Howard Dean in the 2004 presidential campaign marked the beginning of a new era in American politics. Dean was a game changer. He was the first candidate to utilize the power of the internet and online social networks for campaigning purposes, without which he would have not risen to (at one point) be considered a front-runner for the Democratic ticket. As his campaign manager Joe Trippi notes, the Dean campaign started out small in both the num... ... Vargas, Jose Antonio. 20 November 2008. â€Å"Obama Raised Half a Billion Online.† The Washington Post. sec. Politics http://voices.washingtonpost.com/44/2008/11/20/obama_raised_half_a_billion_on.html Walsh, Kenneth T. 17 January 2008. â€Å"The Battle Cry That Backfired on Howard ‘The Scream’ Dean.† U.S. News & World Report http://www.usnews.com/articles/news/politics/2008/01/17/the-battle-cry-that-backfired.html Wilgoren, Jodi and Jim Rutenberg. 1 February 2004. â€Å"Missteps Pulled A Surging Dean Back to Earth.† The New York Times sec. 1 p. 1. http://www.nytimes.com/2004/02/01/us/2004-campaign-former-governor-missteps-pulled-surging-dean-back-earth.html?pagewanted=1 Willard, Terri. March 2009. "Social Networking and Governance for Sustainable Development." International Institute for Sustainable Development. http://www.iisd.org/pdf/2009/social_net_gov.pdf

Icon of Nuestra Senora de Guadalupe

Icon of Nuestra Senora de Guadalupe is also known as Our Lady of Guadalupe or the Virgin of Guadalupe. It is a most famous and most popular Roman Catholic image of a Virgin Mary in Mexico. The legend says that Virgin appeared to Juan Diego Cuauhtlatoatzin, an Indian convert, in 1531 and the witness of that miracle required commemorating it by erection of a church, known as a Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe.  There were two apparitions of the Virgin Mary and after the second an icon was painted which is, actually, now one of the most famous in Mexico. This event was historically significant as following it a great number of Indians of Mexico converted into Christianity. According to the information provided in encyclopedia Britannica â€Å"in 1754 a papal bull made the Virgin of Guadalupe the patroness and protector of New Spain, and in 1810 she became the symbol of the Mexican independence movement when the patriot-priest Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla raised her picture to his banne r.† (Encyclopedia Britannica)The story of Virgin’s apparition is derived from the Nican mopohua which is thought to be the original source of that event.   Nican mopohua, written in the indigenous Nahuatl language gives an account of the encounter between Virgin Maria and Juan Diego Cuauhtlatoatzin in 1531 on Tepeyac. It says that a widowed convert Juan Diego was traveling to â€Å"attend to divine things† the woman in a bright shine appeared in front of him and said that she was a mother of God and asked Diego to tell the Bishop about her request to build a temple on this hill. She promised to come to those people who, would pray in this temple, and help them.The Nican mopohua is not the only work related to the apparition but it is considered to be the most explicit and most trusted. There is another work relating this story, but this time it is the first Spanish-language apparition account written by Miguel Sanchez. It is this document that for the first tim e refers to Our Lady of Guadalupe as to a symbol of Mexico. He mentions it in the context that â€Å"this New World has been won and conquered by the hand of the Virgin Mary†¦[who had] prepared, disposed, and contrived her exquisite likeness in this her Mexican land, which was conquered for such a glorious purpose, won that there should appear so Mexican an image† (Brading 2001).When in 1810 Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla and his army fought for the independence of Mexico they used the image of Nuestra Senora de Guadalupe as a sign on their clothes and also as an insignia of their campaign. After Hidalgo’s death a mestizo priest led the army during revolution. He also relied on the holy image and as Krauze in his book states he was confirmed that â€Å"New Spain puts less faith in its own efforts than in the power of God and the intercession of its Blessed Mother, who appeared within the precincts of Tepeyac as the miraculous image of Guadalupe that had come to comfor t us, defend us, visibly be our protection† (Krauze, 1997).The Mexican calendar even contains the holiday to honor the Virgin, that is December 12, inscribed by the priest-revolutionary. (Matovina, 2001) Thus during the independence struggle people treated Nuestra Senora de Guadalupe as the symbol and patroness of patriots. They offered up numerous prayers at moments of difficulties and used her image on their ensigns. In this way, Brading observes, political exaltation intervened with religious faith â€Å"to produce a vehement fervor in favor of the sacred cause of liberty. The veneration for this image in Mexico far exceeds the greatest reverence that the shrewdest prophet might inspire† (Brading, 2001). In this way the icon of Nuestra Senora de Guadalupe became not only the sacred symbol of Mexico but also it acquired a profound political implication, the embodiment of the struggle for the independence, so desired by the Mexican people.Though there are still a lot o f disputes as regards the verity of the legend about Our Lady of Guadalupe’s apparition its authority still remains very strong in Mexico. In addition to the reputation of the image which inspired people to fight for independence the Virgin is also the symbol of Catholicism in Mexico. As it was stated before the temple was build on the place were Saint Mary was met by Juan Diego, and it was the starting point of active conversion of indigenous people, Aztecs, to Christianity.Nuestra Senora de Guadalupe is still a sound support to the Catholics in Mexico and in other parts of Latin America. Starting from 1737 Nuestra Senora de Guadalupe was recognized to be a saint protectress of Mexico City and then almost two centuries later her protection spread all over the South America. Nowadays, hundreds of people pilgrimage to the church of Our Lady of Guadalupe located on the Cerro of Tepeyac. There are even cases when people do not just walk but crawl on their knees to the church to pray to Nuestra Senora de Guadalupe, as it is believed that in this way they can merit the cure for their sickness or gain help in the hardship. The image of Our Lady of Guadalupe said to have been miraculously imprinted upon Juan Diego's cloak is displayed there.The woman depicted in this image dresses and looks like an Aztec maiden of the early 16th century. She has brown skin; Meso-American features, and is clothed in a turquoise tunic and a rose colored robe. In short, Our Lady of Guadalupe looks like the Aztecs and not like their European oppressors. The iconic resemblance between themselves and the woman depicted in that image was frequently noted by the contemporary Mexican pilgrims. Many Mexicans love their protectress and often call her with diminutive Virgencita. Pilgrims visit the basilica not only because of where it is, but also because of what it has.The Mexicans often feel admired that she is just like them dark-skinned with black hair and brown eyes. The image of Our Lady of Guadalupe is much more than a mere depiction of the woman Juan Diego claimed to have seen in his visions. It is also a complex collection of floral symbols, astronomical imagery, and other signs that are distinctively Aztec (Barber, 1997; Castillo, 1995). These symbols reinforce the indexical and iconic connections between Our Lady of Guadalupe and the non-Christian religious traditions of the Aztecs. The floral designs that adorn Our Lady of Guadalupe's tunic are symbolic as well as decorative (Barber, 1997). In accordance with the conventions of Aztec glyphs (standardized pictographic designs used by the Aztecs to convey symbolic meanings) the flowers are rendered with a flatness that allows viewers to see them in full.One of the flowers included in the image, the quincunx, appears only once. It is positioned over the Virgin's womb. According to Barber, this flower represented: the four compass directions of the world, with heaven and the underworld vertically encounterin g earth in the canter, in the â€Å"navel† of the world, or, to use the metaphor, in the navel of the moon, as they call the Valley of Mexico. (p. 72) The placement of this flower over the woman's womb signifies that she bears an important child. That the Virgin is pregnant is also indicated by the black sash she wears around her waste, an Aztec symbol of pregnancy (Castillo, 1995). Located just below the sash is another floral symbol, the nagvioli. According to Castillo, this flower â€Å"represented Huitzilopochtli, the great ferocious sun god of the Aztecs† (p. xix). Our Lady of Guadalupe is thus symbolically linked to Coatlicue, an aspect of the goddess Tonantzin, who was the mother of Huitzilopochtli. This link acknowledges her connection with the goddess she is supposed to have replaced.Also included among the image's floral imagery are nine large, triangular, heart-shaped flowers–the Mexican magnolia–which were traditionally used to represent the n ine levels of the Aztec underworld. In Nahuatl, the language of the Aztecs, the name for these flowers is yolloxochitl. As explained by Barber, â€Å"Yollotl, is `heart' in Nahuatl, and xochitl, `flower'† (p. 76). According to Barber, â€Å"Yolloxochitl was an Aztec metaphor for the palpitating heart torn from the body of sacrificial victims† (p.76).Human sacrifice played a prominent role in the pre-Christian Aztec religion. Barber goes on to state that yolloxochitl can also be â€Å"read as another glyph, too: tepetl, hill, and precisely, Tepeyac Hill† (p. 76), the hill upon which Our Lady of Guadalupe appeared to Juan Diego and the location of the shrine of Tonantzin that had been appropriated by the Spanish missionaries. This flower, then, ties the Virgin to Tepeyac, the hill's previous pre-Christian tenant, and to ritual practices valued by the Aztecs. Some of the flowers that adorn the tunic of Our Lady of Guadalupe are connected with the Aztecs' rich astro nomical symbolism. According to Barber the eight-petaled flowers: can be identified with a Nahuatl glyph for Venus, the Morning and Evening Star. Venus as Morning Star was associated with their god and culture-hero, Quetzalcoatl, who after his self-immolation was taken up into heaven as themorning star. (p. 73) The image's astronomical symbolism is not limited to flowers that adorn the Virgin's tunic. There are also solar, lunar, and stellar symbols. The most significant of these is the crescent moon upon which the Virgin is situated. To the Aztecs, this symbol represented the Valley of Mexico, their geographical, cultural, and spiritual center.Once it officially affirmed Our Lady of Guadalupe, the Church embraced her with a great show of public enthusiasm. Over the years, the Church has assigned to her such honorific titles as Patroness of Latin America and Empress of All the Americas.Works Cited ListBarber, J. â€Å"The sacred image is a divine codex.† In A handbook on Guad alupe (pp. 68-73). New Bedford, MA: Franciscan Friars of the Immaculate, 1997Brading, D.A. Mexican Phoenix. Our Lady of Guadalupe: Image and Tradition Across Five Centuries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.Castillo, A. â€Å"Introduction†. Goddess of the Americas/La Diosa de las Americas: Writings on the Virgin of Guadalupe Ed. A. Castillo (pp. xv-xxiii). New York: Riverhead Books, 1995.Krauze, Enrique. Mexico, Biography of Power. A History of Modern Mexico 1810-1996. New York: HarperCollins, 1997Matovina, Timothy â€Å"Hispanic Catholics: ‘El Futuro' Is Here† Commonweal. 128. 15. September 14, 2001â€Å"Guadalupe, Basilica of.† Encyclopaedia Britannica. 2006. Encyclopaedia Britannica Online.   22  Mar.   2006  

An analysis of Laurence Sterne’s The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman Essay

In this essay my aim is to demonstrate how the author parodies the different narrative techniques, how he uses the â€Å"time-shift† device, how he introduces the relationship between the narrator and the reader, how he addresses the reader and how he makes use of the â€Å"hobby-horses†. For an introduction I would like to mention some aspects of the novel and its reception. Sterne is best known for his novel The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman, for which he became famous not only in England, but throughout Europe as well. Sterne wrote Tristram Shandy between 1759 and 1767. It was published in nine volumes, the first two appearing in 1760, and seven others following over the next ten years. According to a literary webpage it was not always thought as a masterpiece by other writers such as Samuel Johnson who said in a critique from 1776 that â€Å"nothing odd will do long. Tristram Shandy did not last†; but in opposition to that European critics such as Voltaire and later Goethe praised the book, â€Å"clearly superior†. (www.sparknotes.com/lit/sterne). â€Å"The novel may have been for Sterne and his contemporaries an excitingly new form, but Sterne manages to bring home to the reader what a novel could not do as well as what it could†. (Ricks,15). According to Andrew Sanders this novel is: †¦Ã¢â‚¬  the one that is freest of insistent linearity, the one that makes the most daring bid to escape from the models established by the epic or by history. It glances back to the anecdotal learning of Burton’s The Anatomy of Melancholy, to the bawdy ebullience of Rabelais, and to the experimental games of Swift and the Scriblerians, but it is ultimately an unprecedented, and still unrivalled, experiment with form†. (Sanders, 317). In this novel, Sterne broadens the possibilities of the novel form, and yet †¦Ã¢â‚¬ unlike most novels, it is concerned explicitly with reminding us that there are things which you cannot expect a novel to do. The greatness of Sterne is that, with humour, and sensitivity, he insists all the time that novels cannot save us†. (Ricks, 13) To begin my analysis, first I would like to look at how Sterne parodies the different narrative techniques. According to Jeffrey Williams the novel demonstrates an extraordinary form in novelistic sense due to the fact that the narrative of Tristram’s autobiography and the history of the Shandy family are incomplete and intermitted. The arrangement of the plot is quite exceptional concerning the conventional plot forms because it is disorganised and has a non- linear schema. (Williams, 1032) An essayist, namely Viktor Shklovsky, gives the answer to that unique form that â€Å"†¦the disorder is intentional; the work possesses its own poetics†. (Shklovsky, 66) Following the previous statement from Jeffrey Williams, the narrated events are often interrupted by Tristram who calls for the importance of narration. He explains that Tristram Shandy is an embedded narration, which means that the interrupted parts and comments make a linear narrative. The main character is the narrator, Tristram Shandy, who tries to acquire the best he can when recounting the history of the Shandy family from 1695 till 1711. (Williams, 1033) As Shklovsky puts it, â€Å"Tristram Shandy is the most typical of novels because it so overtly inscribes its own narrative, its own act of narrating†. (Shklovsky, 66). To continue with this theme, the time of narrating is worth mentioning. In an essay by Jeffrey Williams, Genette Gà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½rard distinguishes four types of narration according to temporal position and places this novel into the simultaneous form, meaning narrative in the present contemporaneous with the action. (Williams, 1036) From this explanation it turns out that Tristram Shandy, as part of Tristram’s autobiography, is a narration in the past. The other basic device Sterne uses is the â€Å"time-shift† technique â€Å"which brakes whatever action may seem to be developing† (Shklovsky, 67) To illustrate what Shklovsky means by the â€Å"time-shift† device, he takes an example from the book. In the first volume, Sterne tells us about the interruption of a sexual act (in which Tristram was begot) by Mrs Shandy’s question. The anecdote is figured out as the following: â€Å"Tristram’s father sleeps with his wife only on the first Sunday of each month; the same evening he winds up the clock in order to get â€Å"out of the way at one time all family concernments, and be no more plagued and pestered with them the rest of the month†. As a conclusion, an irresistible association of ideas became established in his wife’s mind; as soon as she heard the clock being wound up, a totally different matter came to her mind, and the other way around. That is the reason for her question, â⠂¬Å"Pray, my dear, [†¦]have you not forgot to wind up the clock?† (Shklovsky, 67; also qtd by TS., 35) and the interruption of Tristram’s father’s activity.†. (Shklovsky, 67). He pointed out in his essay that this anecdote is presented into the book through different steps. The initial step is the comment about the irresponsibility of parents, then the mother’s question without a reason for its significance. The reader may think that the question interrupted what the father was saying but this is only Sterne’s trick which aims at our misconception: â€Å"- Did ever woman, since the creation of the world, interrupt a man with such a silly question?† (T.S.; 36 also qtd. by Shklovsky). This device determines the novel from the beginning. Shklovsky states that Sterne mentions the purpose only after the actions, which is his constant device. Following the â€Å"time-shift technique†, another device Shklovsky presents is the usage of sewing together the novel from different short stories. â€Å"Sterne seems to manipulate and expose the novel’s very structure: formal devices and structural relations made perceptible by violating their ordinary employment, which make up the very content of the novel. Sterne permitted actions to take place simultaneously, but he â€Å"parodied† the development of the subplot and the intrusion into it of new material.† The description of Tristram Shandy’s birth is the material developed in the first part, occupying many pages, almost none of which are devoted to the account of the birth itself. What is developed, in the main, is the hero’s conversation with Uncle Toby.† (Shklovsky, 68-69) ____† I wonder what’s all that noise, and running backwards and forwards for, above stairs, quoth my father, addressing himself, after an hour and a half’s silence, to my uncle Toby, ___ who you must know, was sitting on the opposite side of the fire, smoking his social pipe all the time, in mute contemplation of a new pair of black-push-breeches which he had got on;___ What can they be doing, brother?____ quoth my father, we can scarce hear ourselves talk. I think, replied my uncle Toby, taking his pipe from his mouth, and striking the head of it two or three times upon the nail of his left thumb, as he began his sentence,____ I think, says he: ____ But to enter rightly into my uncle Toby’s sentiments upon this matter, you must be made to enter a little into his character, the outlines of which I shall just give you, and then the dialogue between him and my father will go on as well again.† (TS., 87; also qtd. by Shklovsky, 69) As the former example demonstrates, the technique of intrusion is used by Sterne constantly, and it is obvious in his funny remembrance of Uncle Toby. â€Å"He not only recognizes the hyperbolic elaborations of his development, but plays with that development. This method is for Sterne the canon.† (Shklovsky, 70). The next topic relating to the novel is how the relationship of the narrator and the reader is presented. For this matter, I will use an Internet source, namely an essay by Aimed Ben-hellal. According to Aimed Ben-hellal, in the beginning of the novel Tristram Shandy declares that â€Å"Writing, when properly managed, (as you may be sure I think mine is) is but a different name for a conversation (†¦)† (T.S., 127, also qtd. by Ben-hellal). This statement will determine his writing all the way through the book. Tristram’s speech defines the continuous dialogue between narrator and reader. In the above example the reader is addressed in an informal and communicative way. Tristram tries to lure the reader from the beginning of the novel and tries to get as much of his attention as he can, which means that the reader is â€Å"brought on the stage to become the true character of the book† (Ben-hellal, 1). In the opening chapter of the book, Tristram addresses the reader as the following: â€Å"___ Believe me good folks, this is not so inconsiderable a thing as many of you may think it (†¦)† (T.S, 36, also qtd. by Ben-hellal). In this quotation, the narrator attempts to catch the attention of his reader to point out his understanding of the sad circumstances of his destiny. The hero’s life and his adventures are presented to the reader in order to get to know him. The narrator manages to establish the first contact. â€Å"The appellation â€Å"good folks† is usually indicative of the distance which initially separates the actor from his spectators. (Ben-hellal, 2). Three chapters later this distance lessens: â€Å"I know there are readers in the world, as well as many other good people in it, who are readers at all, __ who find themselves ill at ease, unless they are let into the whole secret from first to last, of every thing which concerns you†. ( T.S, 37, also qtd. by Ben-hellal, 2). Ben-hellal states that Tristram invites different kinds of people, occasional readers or literature addicts to try to deal with the unfolding of the narrative. â€Å"Tristram’s story begins ab Ovo (â€Å"from the egg†), in defiance of the Homeric epic tradition that begins stories in the middle of things and then allows the background to unfold along with the action. The alternative, seemingly, would be to begin with the beginning; Tristram takes the possibility to an almost ludicrous extreme by beginning from his conception rather than his birth†. (www.sparknotes.com/lit/sterne) Tristram tries to select the kind of readers that will best understand him due to the fact that †¦Ã¢â‚¬ a novel crucially depends on a reader†. (Ben-hellal, 2) The following quotation clearly illustrates that: â€Å"To such readers, however, as do not choose to go so far back into these things, I can give no better advice, than that they skip over the remaining part of this Chapter; for I declare before hand, ’tis wrote only for the curious and the inquisitive.† (T.S, 38; also qtd. by Ben-hellal,2) As Ben-hellal pointed out in chapter six, volume one, the narrator and a reader become much closer to one another. In the novel this intimacy referred to as â€Å"you†, â€Å"Sir†, or â€Å"my dear friend and companion†. The personal pronouns, â€Å"I†, and â€Å"you†, emphasize the informality of the conversation. â€Å"As you proceed further with me, the slight acquaintance which is now beginning betwixt us, will grow into familiarity; and that, unless one of us is in fault, will terminate in friendship.(†¦) then nothing which has touched me will be thought trifling in its nature, or tedious in its telling† (T.S, 41, also qtd. by Ben-hellal, 3). This chapter turns out to be the beginning of intimacy and sociability. The narrator’s main concern is to be friendly with the reader, and to sympathise with the unfortunate hero. (Ben-hellal, 3) â€Å"Tristram’s frequent addresses to the reader draw us into the novel. From Tristram’s perspective, we are asked to be open-minded, and to follow his lead in an experimental kind of literary adventure. The gap between Tristram -the- author and Sterne-the-author, however, invites us not only to participate with Tristram, but also to assess his character and his narrative.† (www.sparknotes.com/lit/sterne) A quotation quoted by Ben-hellal illustrates the number and frequency of apostrophes, which indicates that Tristram’s relationship with his readership become quite intimate. † Tristram addresses the reader approximately three hundred and fifty times during the course of the book as ‘My Lord’, ‘Jenny’, ‘Madam’, ‘your worship’, ‘Julia’, ‘your reverences’, ‘gentry’,(†¦). It is as though the reader has invaded the book and Tristam’s confidence in a single statement rest on determining the unknown readership†. (Ben-hellal,3) â€Å"This considered, we might safely infer that the concept of readership is significantly manipulated in Tristram Shandy†. Tristram’s behaviour differs according to changes in the identity of his imaginary reader. From chapter six on, the type of reader identities becomes wider and more varied. ( Ben-hellal, 3). The following passage will best illustrate how the narrator addresses the reader: â€Å"Your son! __ your dear son, ___ from whose sweet temper you have so much to expect. ___Your Billy, Sir! ___ would you, for the world, have called him Judas? ___ Would you, my dear Sir, he would say, laying his hand upon your breast, with the genteelest address (†¦) ___Would you, Sir, if a Jew of a godfather had proposed the name for your child, and offered you his purse along with it, would you have consented to such a desecration of him?† (TS, 78; also qtd. By Ben-hellal, 4). â€Å"Pleading in favour of his father’s theory about the influence of names on the destiny of new-born children, Tristram addresses the reader in the liveliest manner. Exclamation and question marks punctuate the whole passage to convey an impression of lively exchanges. As he tries to demonstrate the validity of Walter Shandy’s viewpoint, Tristram humorously implicates the reader and the reader’s son â€Å"Billy†. To make his point the narrator stages a tailor-made reader (and his son), for the space of a single representation and asks him if he would have accepted to christen his hypothetical son with the name of Judas† (Ben-hellal, 4). The most comical dialogues in the novel are when the imaginary female reader is addressed by Tristram. â€Å"___How could you, Madam, be so inattentive in reading the last chapter? I told you in it, That my mother was not a papist. ___ Papist! You told me no such thing, Sir. Madam, I beg leave to repeat it over again, That I told you as plain, at least, as words, by direct inference, could tell you such a thing. ___ Then, Sir, I must have miss’d a page.___ No Madam, __ you have not miss’d a word. Then I was asleep, Sir.__ My pride, Madam, cannot allow you that refuge.___ Then I declare, I know nothing about the matter.___ That, Madam, is the very fault I lay to your charge; and as a punishment for it, I do insist upon it, that you immediately turn back, that is, as soon as you get to the next full stop, and read the whole chapter over again† (TS, 82; also qtd. By Ben-hellal, 4). According to Ben-hellal, the female reader is introduced because the narrator wants to discipline her and the reason lies in the act of reading. Punctuation is again present, showing the concept of conversation. Reading through the quotation, Tristram resembles as an authoritarian narrator, who instructs the Madam what to do and how to do things. The narrator accuses her of not reading attentively. (Ben Hellal, 5) In Chapter twenty, Tristram says: â€Å"I wish the male-reader has not passed by many a one, as quaint and curious as this one, in which the female-reader has been detected. I wish it may have its effects; __ and that all good people, both male and female, from her example, may be thought to think as well as read.† (TS, 84) In the above quotation, the narrator tries to highlight the importance of thinking and reading. He points out the example of the Madam to others, in order to learn from it. The last topic I would like to touch upon is how the reader is associated with the idea of the â€Å"hobby-horse†. â€Å"There is nothing inherently sinister about these hobby-horses; most people have them, and Tristram confesses readily to having a few of his own†. (www.sparknotes.com/lit/sterne) In an article about the idea of the hobby-horse, the writer, namely Helen Ostovich, deals with the reader-relationship between the narrator and a female reader, Madam. Tristram usually treats Sir ___ his male reader ___with casual indifference, and showers his mighty or fashionable readers , whether secular or clerical __ your worships and your reverences __ with genial contempt. He lumps the male readers together with other good, unlearned folks in his conception of the collective reader as recalcitrant hobby-horse†. (Ostovich, 156) The female reader represents a special kind of hobby-horse to Tristram. Madam is in comparison with the Spanish horse, Rosinante. â€Å"She is, like Rosinante, ‘the HERO’s horse †¦ a horse of chaste deportment, which may have given grounds for a contrary opinion (†¦) __ And let me tell you, Madam, there is a great deal of very good chastity in the world, in behalf of which you could not say more of your life†. (TS, 47-48; also qtd. by Ostovich, 156) According to Ostovich, this quotation suggests that the horse’s physical appearance and the rider’s imagination are related. â€Å"Man and hobby-horse are, in Tristram’s opinion, are similar to body and soul: â€Å"long journeys and much friction† create electric charges between the two that redefine both, so that ultimately â€Å"a clear description of the nature of the one †¦ may form a pretty exact notion of the genius and character of the other†. (T.S, 99; also qtd. by Ostovich, 156) By getting on a horse and riding it well means a good experience. This happens in the case of the writer; if he writes with pleasure, the reader will bear him so the experience provides its own answers. (Ostovich, 156) To conclude my analysis of Tristram Shandy, one can say that this novel is not a conventional one due to its most noticeable characteristics; its time-scheme and its discursive style. Works Cited 1. Ostovich, Helen. â€Å"Reader as Hobby-Horse in Tristram Shandy.† In: New, Melvyn, ed. Tristram Shandy. (Contemporary Critical Essays). London: Macmillan Education Ltd, 1992. 2. Sanders, Andrew. The Short Oxford History of English Literature. Oxford: Oxford UP Second Ed., 1994. pp. 317-318. 3. Shklovsky, Viktor. â€Å"A Parodying Novel: Sterne’s Tristram Shandy.† In: O Teorii Prozy. Moscow, 1929. 4. Sterne, Laurence. The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman. London: Penguin Group., 1967. 5. Williams, Jeffrey. â€Å"Narrative of Narrative.† (Tristram Shandy). Modern Language Notes. 105(1990): pp. 1032 – 1045. 6. www.sparknotes.com/lit/sterne 7. www.univ-mlv.fr/bibliotheque/presses/travaux/travaux2/benhellal.htm